syzygium cumini

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• fruit
• firewood
• fodder
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• wiki_syzygium_cumini
• type: tropical fruit evergreen tree
• high chance for highland magic
• properties
  • root: deep taproot with lateral spread. strong anchorage and drought tolerance
  • stem: upright trunk with grey-brown bark, flaky when mature
  • leaf: opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, leathery with smooth edges
    • Leaf Length: 6–15 cm
  • flower: small, pale greenish-white in panicles, mildly fragrant, bisexual
  • fruit: oblong, fleshy drupe, purple-black when ripe, astringent sweet taste
  • bark: thick, rough, greyish-brown with fissures, peels in plates
  • timber: hard, reddish-brown wood, durable, heavy, and water-resistant
  • Environment: thrives in tropical and subtropical lowlands with full sun, deep soil, and moderate rainfall
    • Climate: hot-humid to semi-arid; tolerant to seasonal drought and short flooding
      • Sun: 700–1000 w/m²
      • No Sun Days: 10–15 days
      • Water: 1000–2000 mm/year
      • No Water Days: 30–45 days
      • Humidity: 50–80 %
      • Fog Resistance: 7–10 days
      • Max Temp: 42 °C
      • Optimal Temp: 25–35 °C
      • Min Temp: 5 °C
      • Wind Damage: salty-coastal, cold-dry
    • Soil: deep, loamy to clay-loam, well-drained but tolerant to seasonal waterlogging
      • Soil Ph: 5.5–7.5
      • Soil Type: loamy, clay-loam, alluvial
    • Spacing: 8–12 m between mature trees for full crown development
      • Good Neighbors: azadirachta, moringa, curcuma, cajanus
      • Bad Neighbors: ficus, eucalyptus, casuarina
      • Max Height: 30 m
      • Max Spread: 15 m
  • lifecycle
    • Longevity: 80–100 years
    • Germination: seeds germinate in 10–30 days. recalcitrant, lose viability quickly after harvest
    • Seedling: fast-growing. needs consistent moisture and light shade in early stage
    • Mature: starts fruiting in 6–8 years (seed-grown), or 3–4 years (grafted). full yield from year 10
    • Death: gradually declines with hollowing trunk and canopy thinning in late age
  • features: evergreen, drought-tolerant, wind-resistant, medicinal, attract pollinators, shader
  • layer: canopy, sub-canopy
  • products: fruit, dried seed powder, bark decoction , leaf infusion, timber, vinegar, jam, syrup, dye
  • chemical compounds
    • chemical compounds

      compound	plant part	% amount	description
      tannins	root	~0.3–0.5%	astringent compounds, antimicrobial, support root protection
      triterpenes	root	trace <0.1%	potential anti-inflammatory activity
      alkaloids	root	~0.1–0.3%	bioactive compounds with antimicrobial action
      ellagic acid	bark	~0.5–1%	antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, liver-protective
      tannins	bark	~8–19%	strong astringent, used in traditional treatment of diarrhea and wounds
      betulinic acid	bark	trace–0.2%	anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor potential
      flavonoids	bark	~0.2–0.5%	antioxidant, stabilizes blood vessels
      myricetin	leaf	~0.2–0.4%	antioxidant, regulates blood sugar and lipid metabolism
      quercetin	leaf	~0.1–0.3%	anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, capillary stabilizer
      gallic acid	leaf	~0.1–0.3%	antimicrobial and antioxidant activity
      anthocyanins	leaf	trace–0.2%	UV protection, coloration, antioxidant
      terpenoids	leaf	trace	scent and protective plant metabolites
      flavonoids	flower	~0.3–0.6%	antioxidant, supports reproductive signaling
      volatile oils	flower	trace <0.05%	aromatic compounds attracting pollinators
      simple sugars	flower	~1–2%	energy source for pollinators
      anthocyanins	fruit	~0.5–1.5%	rich pigments with strong antioxidant properties
      ellagic acid	fruit	~0.2–0.5%	anti-inflammatory and liver-protective agent
      gallic acid	fruit	~0.3–0.5%	supports blood sugar control and digestive health
      vitamin c	fruit	~20–30 mg/100g	antioxidant, supports immunity and iron absorption
      glucose + fructose	fruit	~5–8%	natural fruit sugars, energy source
      jamboline	seed	~0.2–0.4%	alkaloid with hypoglycemic activity
      jambosine	seed	~0.2–0.5%	anti-diabetic action, inhibits sugar absorption
      starch	seed	~20–30%	carbohydrate energy reserve
      protein	seed	~8–10%	supports growth and repair; useful in powders
      lignin	timber	~20–30%	structural support in woody tissues
      cellulose	timber	~40–50%	main structural component of wood
      aromatic resins	timber	trace <1%	contributes to wood scent and resistance to pests

  • operations
    • propagate plants: mainly by fresh seed. vegetative methods include softwood grafting and budding for cultivar maintenance
    • maintenance: light pruning to manage crown shape and remove dead branches. mulch and compost around base. irrigation during dry periods in early years
    • harvest:
      • fruit: handpicked from branches when deep purple and soft (seasonally, 1–2 flushes/year)
      • seed: collected from pulp waste, dried, ground into powder for medicinal use
      • bark and leaf: harvested selectively for infusions or decoctions

      • timber: harvested from old trees. used in carpentry, tools, and rural construction

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• height: up to 30 m
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• review of the syzygium cumini

  • tropical evergreen tree native to the indian subcontinent and southeast asia. it is widely cultivated for its fruit , which is known for its distinctive color and taste. the tree is valued for its various uses in eat, medicine, and landscaping.

• parts of the plant and their uses

• products

  • root: the roots of syzygium cumini are sometimes used in traditional medicine. they are believed to have astringent properties and are used to treat digestive disorders and manage blood sugar levels.
  • stem: the stem or trunk of the java plum tree provides strong and durable timber. the wood is resistance to water and insects, making it suitable for construction, furniture, and other wooden items.
  • fruit: small, oval-shaped, and deep purple to black when ripe. it is known for its sweet and slightly tangy flavor. the fruit is consumed fresh or processed into juices, jams, jellies, and wine. it is also used in traditional medicine for its antidiabetic properties.
  • leaf: the leaves of syzygium cumini are used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antidiabetic properties. used as fodder for livestock in some regions.
  • bark: the bark of the java plum tree contains tannins and other compounds with astringent and antimicrobial properties. it is used in traditional remedies to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and skin conditions .
  • flower: the flowers of syzygium cumini are small, white, and fragrant. they are important for pollination and fruit development and are sometimes used in traditional remedies for respiratory issues.

• uses

  • plants/fruits: the fruit is eaten fresh or processed into various products like juices, jams, jellies, and wine.
  • plants/greens: the leaves are sometimes used as animal fodder and in traditional medicine .
  • plants/timber: the wood from the java plum tree is used in making furniture, construction materials, and various wooden items due to its durability and resistance to water and insects.
  • plants/medicine: different parts of the java plum tree, including leaves, bark, seeds, and fruit, are used in traditional medicine for their antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • plants/fuel: dried wood and leaves of syzygium cumini are used as firewood and fuel for cooking.
  • plants/fertilizer: fallen leaves decompose and add organic matter to the soil , enhancing soil fertility.
• data:
  • sun requirements: syzygium cumini prefers full sun to partial shade for optimal growth and fruit production.
  • water requirements: it thrives in well-drained soil with moderate to high moisture levels. the tree is relatively drought-tolerant but performs best with regular watering, especially during the dry season.
  • soil ph: the java plum tree grows best in slightly acidic to neutral soils, with a ph range of 5.5 to 7.5.
  • plant/roles in permaculture guilds: in permaculture, syzygium cumini can be used as a canopy tree, providing shade and shelter for understory plants. its dense foliage helps reduce soil erosion , while its leaves contribute organic matter to the soil. the tree also attract pollinators and other beneficial insects, supporting ecosystem health. it can be paired with nitrogen-fixing plants and other fruit trees to create a diverse and productive guild.
  • height in meters: java plum trees can grow up to 30 meters tall, but they are often maintained at 10-15 meters for easier harvesting and management.
  • spacing in meters: trees should be spaced 8-10 meters apart to ensure sufficient room for growth and air circulation.
  • germination days: seeds typically take 10-15 days to germinate under optimal conditions.
  • strata: syzygium cumini is considered an overstory or canopy tree in agroforestry systems, providing shade and cover for lower-growing plants.
  • days to maturity: it takes about 5-7 years for a java plum tree to start bearing fruit, depending on the growing conditions and care.
  • plant, harvest, pruning calendar in months
    • planting is best done at the beginning of the rainy season to ensure good establishment.
    • pruning can be done annually to maintain tree shape and promote healthy growth.
    • flowering typically occurs in late spring to early summer, with fruit ripening in mid to late summer .
  • good neighbors: good companion plants for syzygium cumini include nitrogen-fixing plants like legumes, ground covers that help retain soil moisture, and herbs or flowers that attract pollinators.
  • bad neighbors: java plum trees should not be planted near crops that require full sunlight for optimal growth, as their dense canopy can create too much shade. they should also be kept away from plants susceptible to the same pests and diseases.

• chemical compounds

• chemical compound	plant part	amount (%)	description
  tannins	bark, leaves, fruit	10-20%	astringent properties, used in traditional medicine to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and [[skin issues
  anthocyanins	fruit	0.1-1%	pigments responsible for the deep purple to black color of the fruit. they have antioxidant properties and contribute to the fruit’s [[health
  flavonoids	leaves, bark, fruit	5-10%	antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties, beneficial in traditional remedies for various ailments.
  ellagic acid	leaves, bark, fruit	1-5%	polyphenolic compound with antioxidants , anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. it is often used in medicinal preparations.
  oleanolic acid	leaves, fruit	0.5-2%	triterpenoid with anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective properties, contributing to the plant’s medicinal use.
  gallic acid	leaves, fruit	0.5-1%	antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, used in traditional medicine for treating various conditions.
  jambosine	seeds, fruit	trace to 0.5%	alkaloids found in syzygium cumini that has been studied for its potential antidiabetic effects, particularly in lowering blood sugar levels.
  [[vitamin c	ascorbic acid]] (vitamin c)	fruit	0.1-0.5%
  dietary fiber	fruit	1-2%	helps in digestion and promotes a healthy gut.

• traditional medicine recipes

  • these recipes highlight the versatile medicinal uses of syzygium cumini in traditional remedies for treating digestive issues, diabetes, skin conditions, and inflammation.
  • each part of the plant, from its bark to its leaves, seeds, and fruits, plays a role in holistic health practices.
• **syzygium cumini bark tea for diarrhea **
  • ingredients
    • 1 tablespoon of syzygium cumini bark (dried and powdered)
    • 2 cups of water
  • instructions
    • bring 2 cups of water to a boil.
    • add the dried, powdered syzygium cumini bark to the boiling water.
    • let it simmer for about 10-15 minutes.
    • strain the tea and let it cool slightly.
    • drink 1 cup of the tea 1-2 times a day until symptoms improve.
  • uses
    • this tea is traditionally used to treat diarrhea , dysentery , and other digestive issues due to the astringent properties of the tannins in the bark .
• syzygium cumini leaf decoction for diabetes management
  • ingredients
    • 10-15 fresh syzygium cumini leaves
    • 3 cups of water
  • instructions
    • wash the leaves thoroughly and chop them into small pieces.
    • bring 3 cups of water to a boil and add the chopped leaves.
    • reduce the heat and let the leaves simmer for 20-30 minutes.
    • strain the liquid and allow it to cool.
    • drink 1 cup of the decoction twice a day, preferably in the morning and evening.
  • uses
    • syzygium cumini leaves are known for their antidiabetic properties, as they help regulate blood sugar levels. this decoction is often used as a natural remedy for diabetes management.
• **syzygium cumini fruit paste for skin ailments **
  • ingredients
    • 10-12 ripe syzygium cumini fruits
    • a small amount of water
  • instructions
    • mash the ripe syzygium cumini fruits into a smooth paste.
    • add a small amount of water to achieve a thick consistency.
    • apply the paste directly to the affected area on the skin.
    • leave it on for 20-30 minutes, then rinse with lukewarm water.
    • repeat 2-3 times a day until the condition improves.
  • uses
    • this fruit paste is traditionally used to treat skin conditions like acne, eczema, and boils. the antioxidants and antimicrobial properties in the fruit help soothe irritated skin and promote healing .
• syzygium cumini seed powder for blood sugar regulation
  • ingredients
    • 1 tablespoon of dried syzygium cumini seed powder
    • a glass of warm water or milk
  • instructions
    • dry the syzygium cumini seeds in the sun for several days until fully dried.
    • grind the dried seeds into a fine powder.
    • mix 1 tablespoon of the seed powder in a glass of warm water or milk.
    • drink this mixture once daily, preferably in the morning.
  • uses
    • syzygium cumini seeds are well-known for their ability to lower blood sugar levels. this remedy is often used in traditional medicine to manage diabetes and regulate glucose levels naturally.
• **syzygium cumini leaf poultice for inflammation **
  • ingredients
    • 10-12 fresh syzygium cumini leaves
    • a small amount of water
  • instructions
  • crush the fresh syzygium cumini leaves into a coarse paste using a mortar and pestle.
  • add a small amount of water to create a smooth, thick paste.
  • apply the paste to the inflamed or swollen area.
  • cover the area with a clean cloth or bandage.
  • leave the poultice on for 30 minutes to 1 hour, then rinse with cool water.
  • repeat daily until the inflammation subsides.
• uses
  • this poultice is traditionally used to reduce inflammation , swelling , and pain due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. it is commonly applied to minor wounds , insect bites , and joint pain