soil

• compost and biochar

• production

• mycorrhizal

• simple tests

  • percolation

  • ph

  • type

    • sand
    • silt
    • clay
    • Soil Laboratory Test Sieve for Particle Analysis

  • worms

    • Microscope with Contrast Phase

• Property	sand	silt	clay
  particle size	0.05 mm to 2 mm	0.002 mm to 0.05 mm	Less than 0.002 mm
  texture	Grainy	Silky/Floury	Sticky when wet
  water drainage	High	Moderate	Poor
  nutrient retention	Low	Moderate	High
  aeration	High	Moderate	Poor
  compaction	Low	Moderate	High
  thermal conductivity	High	Moderate	Low
  heat capacity	Low	Moderate	High
  ph level	Slightly Acidic to Neutral	Neutral to Slightly Alkaline	Usually Alkaline
  organic Matter Content	Low	Moderate	High
  bulk density	Low	Moderate	High
  porosity	High	Moderate	Low
  cation exchange capacity	Low	Moderate	High
  electrical conductivity	Low	Moderate	High
  soil structure	Loose	Stable	Dense
  infiltration rate	High	Moderate	Low
  erodibility	High	Moderate	Low
  permeability	High	Moderate	Low
  soil color	Light	Variable	Dark

• moisture

• water drainage:

• nutrient retention: the capacity of the soil to hold nutrients. clay has high nutrient retention, while sand has low.

• aeration: the movement of air through the soil. sandy soils are well-aerated, clay soils are not.

• compaction: the tendency of the soil to compact under pressure. clay is prone to compaction, while sand is not.

• thermal conductivity: how well the soil conducts heat. sandy soils have high thermal conductivity, clay soils have low.

• heat capacity: the amount of heat the soil can hold. clay has a high heat capacity, sand has a low.

• ph level: the measure of acidity or alkalinity of the soil. sand tends to be slightly acidic, clay is often alkaline.

• organic matter content: the amount of decomposed plant and animal material in the soil. clay soils generally have more organic matter.

• bulk density: the mass of soil per unit volume. clay has a high bulk density, sand has a low.

• porosity: the volume of pore space in the soil. sand is more porous than clay.

• 

• 

• electrical conductivity: the soil’s ability to conduct electrical current, often related to its salinity. clay tends to have higher electrical conductivity.

• soil structure: the arrangement of soil particles into aggregates. sandy soils are loose, clay soils are dense.

• infiltration rate: the rate at which water enters the soil. it’s high in sandy soils and low in clay soils.

• erodibility: the susceptibility of soil to erosion. sandy soils are more easily eroded than clay soils.

• permeability: the ability of soil to transmit water and air. high in sandy soils, low in clay soils.

• soil color: the color of the soil, which can indicate organic matter content and mineral composition. sandy soils are often lighter, clay soils darker.

• terra preta

  • biochar
  • manure
  • compost
  • worms
  • fetrilzer

• 

• nutrients for plants

  • pond
    • water
    • soil from bottom
    • mulch from plants
  • trees
    • leaves
    • mulch
  • animals ⇒ micronutrients
    • manure
    • bones, carcasses and innards
      • composted
      • buried under new fruit trees
  • legumes ⇒ nitrogen
  • wood ash ⇒ potassium
  • rock dust
  • human urine

• fertiliser

• compost

• worm farm

• As the user selects a soil texture, they will realize each texture has a unique colour. The idea behind this stems from both the colour triangle and the soil texture triangle. Such that 100% sand is yellow, 100% silt is cyan, and 100% clay is magenta. By giving each texture class a percent sand silt and clay value which adds to 100, we can retrieve a unique colour for each class.

  • soil texture app
  • 
  • 

• 

• production

• soil fertility assessment

  • physical characteristics of the soil
    • texture and water content
      • predominantly sandy, classified as loamy sand, sandy clay loam, and sandy loam.
      • low water-holding capacity, with low water content at both field capacity and the permanent wilting point.
    • ph and electric conductivity
      • ph levels range from slightly acidic to neutral.
      • very low electric conductivity, indicating low availability of soluble salts.
    • nutrient content and soil health
      • organic carbon and nutrients
      • high percentage of organic carbon (5.46% at coffee site), indicating fertile soil.
      • medium to low levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
    • micro-nutrients and heavy metals
      • high quantities of aluminum, calcium, and iron, possibly from natural or anthropogenic sources.
      • presence of heavy metals like lead and mercury suggests contamination from human activities.

• laboratory test result

• parameter	coffee site	sen wood site	edem site	interpretation
  c-organic (%)	5.46	5.00	3.79	low to medium
  total nitrogen (n) (%)	0.45	0.36	0.35	medium
  available phosphorus (p) (ppm)	10.85	8.91	10.12	low to very low
  available potassium (k) (ppm)	177.83	167.7	188.67	medium
  water content - permanent wilting point (%)	7.84	7.02	8.06	low
  water content - field capacity (%)	33.37	34.84	32.16	medium
  texture - sand (%)	78.56	74.06	80.38	loamy sand to sandy loam
  texture - silt (%)	8.22	2.7	4.74
  texture - clay (%)	13.22	23.25	14.89
  ph	6.39	6.59	6.95	slightly acidic to neutral
  electric conductivity (mmhos/cm)	0.36	0.34	0.21	very low

• recommendations

  • incorporating organic matter like mature compost can improve soil structure and nutrient retention.
  • planting nitrogen-fixing crops will help replenish soil nitrogen levels naturally.
  • regular soil testing is recommended to monitor nutrient levels and prevent contamination.

• conclusion

  • proper management practices can enhance soil productivity in cyber valley, supporting diverse agricultural activities while preserving environmental health.

• raw results

  • Aspect	No	Parameters	Leaves of D. longifolia	Stem of D. longifolia	Fruit of D. longifolia	Soil of Coffee Site	Soil of Sen Wood Site	Soil of Edem Site
    Heavy Metals (Micro-nutrient)	1	Lead (Pb) (ppm)	29.318	29.328	29.032	28.365	31.165	30.454
    	2	Copper (Cu) (ppm)	1.195	0.774	0.921	16.505	16.953	20.236
    	3	Magnesium (Mg) (ppm)	559.674	102.226	215.281	1,176.15	nd	1,177.06
    	4	Manganese (Mn) (ppm)	3.072	0.234	0.059	171.053	173.547	196.925
    	5	Iron (Fe) (ppm)	30.662	35.043	6.801	8,498.41	5,452.49	10,409.33
    	6	Cadmium (Cd) (ppm)	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
    	7	Zinc (Zn) (ppm)	nd	nd	nd	15.925	15.45	16.551
    	8	Potassium (K) (ppm)	152.795	812.001	276.012	293.825	3,436.448	2,183.664
    	9	Chromium (Cr) (ppm)	0.593	0.964	0.934	1.041	1.084	0.855
    	10	Calcium (Ca) (ppm)	28,026.58	3,134.28	10,374.29	29,250.81	7,754.06	4,355.66
    	11	Silicon (Si) (ppm)	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
    	12	Aluminium (Al) (ppm)	291.649	216.61	32.905	47,322.424	22,761.721	18,469.499
    	13	Arsenic (As) (ppm)	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
    	14	Mercury (Hg) (ppm)	4.158	nd	nd	13.307	nd	7.107
    Phyto-chemical metabolic property	15	Antioxidant (mg/100mL)	not performed	not performed	21.284	not performed	not performed	not performed
    	16	Flavanoid (mg/100mL)	not performed	not performed	18.495	not performed	not performed	not performed
    	17	Phenol (mg/100mL)	not performed	not performed	103.297	not performed	not performed	not performed
    	18	Tannin (mg/100mL)	not performed	not performed	77,835.29	not performed	not performed	not performed
    	19	Anthocyanin (mg/100g)	not performed	not performed	1.529	not performed	not performed	not performed
    	20	Vitamin C (mg/100g)	not performed	not performed	96.381	not performed	not performed	not performed
    	21	Vitamin A (mg/100g)	not performed	not performed	1.78	not performed	not performed	not performed
    Essential Macro Nutrient	22	C-organic (%)	not performed	not performed	not performed	5.46	5	3.79
    	23	Total Nitrogen (N) (%)	not performed	not performed	not performed	0.45	0.36	0.35
    	24	Available Phosphorus (P) (ppm)	not performed	not performed	not performed	10.85	8.91	10.12
    	25	Available Potassium (K) (ppm)	not performed	not performed	not performed	177.83	167.7	188.67
    Physical features	26	Water Content - Permanent Wilting Point (%)	not performed	not performed	not performed	7.84	7.02	8.06
    	27	Water Content - Field Capacity (%)	not performed	not performed	not performed	33.37	34.84	32.16
    	28	Texture - Sand (%)	not performed	not performed	not performed	78.56	74.06	80.38
    	29	Texture - Silt (%)	not performed	not performed	not performed	8.22	2.7	4.74
    	30	Texture - Clay (%)	not performed	not performed	not performed	13.22	23.25	14.89
    	31	pH	not performed	not performed	not performed	6.39	6.59	6.95
    	32	Electric Conductivity (mmhos/cm)	not performed	not performed	not performed	0.36	0.34	0.21