phytomining

• class of plants which can extract metals from soil called phytominers

  factors	hyperaccumulator plants	incineration	extraction method	purification method	recovery yield
  nickel	alyssum, thlaspi, brassica juncea, salix, berkheya coddii, hypericum perforatum	800°C - 1000°C	acid leaching	electrolysis, solvent extraction	1-3%
  zinc	thlaspi, chrysopogon zizanioides, brassica juncea, salix, arabidopsis halleri, populus, phragmites australis	650°C - 800°C	acid leaching	precipitation, ion exchange	1-5%
  cadmium	thlaspi, chrysopogon zizanioides, brassica juncea, salix, arabidopsis halleri, hypericum perforatum, populus, phragmites australis	650°C - 800°C	acid leaching	precipitation, ion exchange	3-7%
  lead	thlaspi, chrysopogon zizanioides, coriandrum sativum, phytolacca americana, [[sesbania	sesbania drummondii]], helianthus annuus, phragmites australis	650°C - 800°C	acid leaching	solvent extraction, precipitation
  uranium	helianthus annuus	600°C - 800°C	chemical extraction	specialized chemical processes	<1%
  cesium	helianthus annuus	600°C - 800°C	chemical extraction	specialized chemical processes	<1%
  strontium	helianthus annuus	600°C - 800°C	chemical extraction	specialized chemical processes	<1%
  arsenic	fern, helianthus annuus, amaranthus	650°C - 800°C	chemical extraction	specialized chemical processes	0.5-3%
  aluminum	sorghum, melastoma malabathricum	650°C - 800°C	acid leaching	acid neutralization	<1%
  copper	chrysopogon zizanioides, salix, amaranthus	650°C - 800°C	acid leaching	solvent extraction, precipitation	1-4%
  chromium	brassica juncea, bacopa monnieri	600°C - 800°C	acid leaching	solvent extraction, precipitation	0.5-3%