the berries contain various minerals, with calcium being the most abundant in both leaves and fruits.
the presence of heavy metals such as tead and chromium in the stems, leaves, and fruits indicates potential environmental contamination.
phyto-chemical metabolism
the berries are rich in tannins, with a concentration of 77.835 mg/100g, which is higher than that found in other berries like blueberries and raspberries.
other compounds include antioxidants, flavonoids, phenols, anthocyanins, vitamin c, and vitamin a.
laboratory test result
component
leaves (ppm)
stem (ppm)
fruit (ppm)
common uses
lead (pb)
29.318
29.328
29.032
no known benefit, toxic if ingested
copper (cu)
1.195
0.774
0.921
essential micronutrient
magnesium (mg)
559.674
102.226
215.281
supports bone health, energy production
manganese (mn)
3.072
0.234
0.059
important for bone formation, blood clotting
iron (fe)
30.662
35.043
6.801
essential for blood production
calcium (ca)
28,026.58
3,134.28
10,374.29
vital for bone health, muscle function
tannin (mg/100g)
not tested
not tested
77,835.29
antioxidant properties, lowers cholesterol
antioxidant (mg/100ml)
not tested
not tested
21.284
protects cells from damage
flavonoid (mg/100ml)
not tested
not tested
18.495
reduces inflammation, supports heart health
phenol (mg/100ml)
not tested
not tested
103.297
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties
anthocyanin (mg/100g)
not tested
not tested
1.529
anti-inflammatory, supports eye health
vitamin c (mg/100g)
not tested
not tested
96.381
boosts immunity, antioxidant
vitamin a (mg/100g)
not tested
not tested
1.78
essential for vision, immune function
medicinal and nutritional benefits
the leaves also contain phenolic compounds and flavonoids with potential antioxidant activity, useful in traditional medicine for treating various conditions.