- legal membership in a state, carrying rights and obligations
- acquisition: birth (jus soli, jus sanguinis), naturalization, investment, marriage
- rights: vote, reside, work, access public services, consular protection
- obligations: obey laws, pay taxation, military service (in some states)
- dual/multiple citizenship: simultaneous membership in several states
- digital citizenship: membership in network state communities, verified through cryptographic identity
- portal serves as the gateway to cyber state citizenship: identity registration, reputation accumulation, access to governance
- cyberia citizenship: on-chain identity linked to participation in governance, staking, and knowledge contribution
- statelessness: absence of citizenship, affecting ~10 million people globally, a failure of the nation-state system
- see also sovereignty, social contract, democracy, human rights