carotenoids

• carotenoids, also known as tetraterpenoids, are a diverse group of fat-soluble pigments naturally occurring in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. they serve essential roles as precursors of vitamin a, antioxidants, and protective agents against photooxidative damage. carotenoids such as β-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin are vital for eye vision, skin health, and immune function.

• chemical properties

  • molecular weight: approximately 536.87 g/mol (β-carotene)
  • density: 0.94 g/cm³ (β-carotene)
  • melting point: 180–183°C (β-carotene)
  • solubility: soluble in fats and organic solvents; insoluble in water
  • optical rotation: +448° to +461° (β-carotene, chloroform)
  • chemical formula: C₄₀H₅₆ (β-carotene)

• usefulness in medicine

  • carotenoids, especially β-carotene, act as precursors to vitamin a, preventing and treating vitamin a deficiency and associated conditions such as night blindness.
  • lutein and zeaxanthin support eye health, significantly reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts.
  • due to their strong antioxidant properties, carotenoids protect cells from oxidative stress, reducing inflammation and potentially lowering risks of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer.
  • carotenoids also enhance the immune system, supporting effective immune responses and decreasing susceptibility to infections.
• antibacterial and antimicrobial activity
  • carotenoids exhibit antimicrobial activity primarily through their antioxidant and immune-enhancing properties, strengthening natural defense mechanisms.
  • • bacteria:
    • helicobacter pylori
    • escherichia coli